Propolis is produced by the honey bee from plant resins.

It has been used as an anti-bacterial material for wound cleaning and as an anti-inflammatory remedy for over 2,000 years. Propolis is considered to be an anti-oxidant, having a protective effect on the liver. Propolis is active against the fungal and Gram-positive bacterial test strains, and most showed antiviral activity. In samples from the temperate zone, flavonoids and esters of phenolic acids are known to be responsible for the above mentioned activities of bee glue; tropical samples did not contain such substances but showed similar activities.

Loredana Cerroni

Dental Materials and Prosthetic Technologies 

University of Rome "Tor Vergata"

Head of the Education Master's degree in Natural Medicine